Badges are a standard feature of Discourse, the forum software we are using. You can find more details on the Discourse forum:
For an overview of all badges on our forum, see Badges.
We actually link to the Guidelines on several posts on the forum, most prominently on the Welcome to the Couchers.org Community post.
You can also find direct links to both Badges and Guidelines when expanding the hamburger menu on the right side of the top bar.